{"id":39973,"date":"2026-01-21T11:26:47","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T14:26:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/welfare-and-opportunities-for-small-scale-producers-and-msmes-in-rural-africa-an-econometric-analysis\/"},"modified":"2026-02-12T16:15:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T19:15:28","slug":"welfare-and-opportunities-for-small-scale-producers-and-msmes-in-rural-africa-an-econometric-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/en\/welfare-and-opportunities-for-small-scale-producers-and-msmes-in-rural-africa-an-econometric-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"Welfare and Opportunities for Small-Scale Producers and MSMEs in Rural Africa: An Econometric Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"39973\" class=\"elementor elementor-39973 elementor-39818\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider 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target=\"_blank\"><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6679cfe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"6679cfe5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-214ce51f jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"214ce51f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23593369 elementor-widget-divider--view-line jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"23593369\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c6867c4 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c6867c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Authors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c094449 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4c094449\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Carolina Trivelli<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Saweda Liverpool-Tasie<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Thomas Reardon<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/andres-fuica-barrios\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Andres Fuica<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Mauricio Espinoza<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">MingDa Li<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-user-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Jhonatan Clausen<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd7e87 elementor-widget-divider--view-line jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fd7e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c76624 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c76624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This study examines how participation in commercial agriculture and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is associated with inclusive development outcomes for small-scale producers (SSPs) across six African countries representing diverse income levels.<\/p>\n<p>We explore two interrelated hypotheses: first, that engagement in commercialization and MSME ventures enhances well-being through improved off-farm employment, empowerment, poverty reduction, food security, and resilience, and second, that these effects are amplified in territories characterized by high levels of agrifood dynamism and interconnectivity, as captured by a novel Cluster Index.<\/p>\n<p>Using nationally representative panel data (cross-sectional in Ghana) we estimate two-way fixed effects models to assess direct and contextual effects. The results show that participation in commercial agriculture or MSMEs is consistently associated with better inclusion outcomes across all countries, with stronger effects in Nigeria and Tanzania. The relationship is particularly robust for empowerment and non-farm income generation.  <\/p>\n<p>Significantly, these benefits extend to smallholders with limited land, especially in Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria, suggesting the potential for broad-based inclusion. We also find that territorial conditions matter: in Ethiopia, participation effects are significantly amplified in more Dynamic agrifood clusters, whereas in Nigeria and Malawi, clusters Benefit both participants and non-participants through spillover effects. <\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the inclusiveness of clusters appears to evolve with national income levels, which are associated with greater inequality in low-income countries and more equitable outcomes in middle- and high-income settings.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, using the territorial Cluster Index as an instrument for participation in a robustness check, we find sizable causal gains-0.5-1.4 s.d.-in Malawi, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. These findings highlight the need for integrated development strategies that simultaneously promote commercial engagement by small-scale producers and foster clustered agrifood ecosystems. Tailoring such strategies to local contexts and stages of economic development is crucial to ensuring both growth and equity in the agricultural transformation process.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Key words: <\/strong>Small-scale producers, Micro, small and medium enterprises, Agrifood value chains, Inclusive development, Rural Africa, Territorial clusters, Panel data econometrics, Commercial agriculture, Poverty reduction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-307fbcb jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"307fbcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Executive Summary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This study examines how participation in commercial agriculture and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) is associated with inclusive development outcomes for small-scale producers (SSPs) in six African countries representing different income levels.<\/p>\n<p>We explore two interrelated hypotheses: first, that participation in marketing processes and MSME enterprises improves well-being through increased off-farm employment, empowerment, poverty reduction, food security and resilience; and second, that these effects are amplified in territories characterized by high levels of dynamism and interconnectivity of agri-food systems, as measured by a novel Cluster Index.<\/p>\n<p>Using nationally representative panel data (and cross-sectional data in the case of Ghana), we estimate two-way fixed effects models to assess direct and contextual effects. The results show that participation in commercial agriculture or MSMEs is consistently associated with better inclusion outcomes in all countries, with stronger effects in Nigeria and Tanzania. This relationship is particularly robust in terms of empowerment and non-farm income generation.  <\/p>\n<p>Significantly, these benefits also reach smallholders with limited access to land, especially in Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania and Nigeria, suggesting a potential for broad-based inclusion. We also find that territorial conditions are relevant: in Ethiopia, the effects of participation are significantly amplified in more dynamic agri-food clusters, while in Nigeria and Malawi clusters benefit both participants and non-participants through spillover effects.   <\/p>\n<p>In addition, the inclusiveness of clusters appears to evolve along with national income levels, which are associated with greater inequality in low-income countries and with more equitable outcomes in middle- and high-income contexts.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, using the Territorial Cluster Index as an instrument for participation in a robustness test, we found significant causal gains -between 0.5 and 1.4 standard deviations- in Malawi, Ethiopia and Nigeria. These findings underscore the need for integrated development strategies that simultaneously promote the commercial insertion of small-scale producers and the strengthening of agri-food ecosystems organized in clusters. Adapting these strategies to local contexts and different stages of economic development is key to ensuring both growth and equity in agricultural transformation processes.  <\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> small-scale producers; micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs); agrifood value chains; inclusive development; rural Africa; territorial clusters; panel data econometrics; commercial agriculture; poverty reduction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-74ac1e6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"74ac1e6b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5889396b jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"5889396b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b913c7f jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b913c7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1978\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Working-Paper-304-Welfare_and_Opportunities-1_page-0001-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-39820\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Working-Paper-304-Welfare_and_Opportunities-1_page-0001-scaled.jpg 1978w, 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class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/en\/library\/books\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-book-reader\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Books<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/en\/library\/documents-in-process\/\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-book-reader\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Documents in Process<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataverse\/rimisp?p=2329446753\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-database\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Database<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-747b89a1 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"747b89a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-300d7ab jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"300d7ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-4aef9241 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"4aef9241\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2afcbc86 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"2afcbc86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b726d12 jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b726d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rimisp.org\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"880\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Logo-Rimisp-Blanco-EN.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-33575\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Logo-Rimisp-Blanco-EN.png 880w, https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Logo-Rimisp-Blanco-EN-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Logo-Rimisp-Blanco-EN-768x364.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 880px) 100vw, 880px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d21d8e8 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"1d21d8e8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-68552600 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"68552600\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b69eae1 elementor-shape-square elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"6b69eae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-animation-wobble-vertical elementor-repeater-item-c2de816\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Rimisp\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-animation-wobble-vertical elementor-repeater-item-0b2a080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/rimisp_latinoamerica\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-x-twitter elementor-animation-wobble-vertical elementor-repeater-item-9b357d2\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/Rimisp\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">X-twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-x-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-animation-wobble-vertical elementor-repeater-item-26fa38f\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/usuariorimisp\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-youtube\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-animation-wobble-vertical elementor-repeater-item-4cbeb1a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&#038;rct=j&#038;q=&#038;esrc=s&#038;source=web&#038;cd=&#038;ved=2ahUKEwi07LO_r8b-AhUUq5UCHYjAAvIQFnoECA0QAQ&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fcl.linkedin.com%2Fcompany%2Frimisp---centro-latinoamericano-para-el-desarrollo-rural&#038;usg=AOvVaw0mOguo-DNYCLuI96Zkya52\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-linkedin\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce93cc7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ce93cc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-61fd372c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"61fd372c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-34c87fad jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"34c87fad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e046c1a jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e046c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our offices:<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a2ad9b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"6a2ad9b3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f0d3d52 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"2f0d3d52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6991cd6b jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6991cd6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Chile.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34550\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Chile.png 300w, https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Chile-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2033114a jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"2033114a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e6f235f elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"3e6f235f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">  Chile: Huel\u00e9n 10, Providencia, Santiago, Metropolitan Region (+56-2) 2236 4557 | Fax (+56-2) 2236 4558.  <\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1c2e380c jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"1c2e380c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3475f1bd jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3475f1bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Ecuador.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34551\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Ecuador.png 300w, https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Ecuador-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-224f949d jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"224f949d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74d67eb7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"74d67eb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Ecuador: Czechoslovakia E9-95 between Switzerland and Moscow. Eveliza Plaza Building. Ground Floor.   Quito. (+593-2) 5150144.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ad33dd1 jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"1ad33dd1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d05810a jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d05810a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Colombia.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-34552\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Colombia.png 300w, https:\/\/rimisp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/RIM-Ilustraciones-Colombia-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_ma_el_bg_slider elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6586991a jltma-glass-effect-no\" data-id=\"6586991a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8b7959 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width jltma-glass-effect-no elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"f8b7959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">  Colombia: Carrera 9 No 72-61 Office 303. Bogot\u00e1.  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